【时 效 性】 | 有效 | 【颁布日期】 | 1986-04-12 |
【颁布单位】 | 全国人民代表大会 | 【实施日期】 | 1987-01-01 |
【法规层次】 | 法律及有关法律问题的决定 | 【文 号】 | 主席令〔1986〕37号 |
【首选类别】 | 国家基本法规 | 【次选类别】 | |
【其它类别】 | 【其它类别】 | ||
【关 键 字】 | 中华人民共和国民法通则 |
(题注:一九八六年四月十二日第六届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过)
中华人民共和国主席令 |
This
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF
which
Council of
In case of discrepancy, theoriginal version in Chinese shall prevail.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVILLAW OF THE
(Adopted at the FourthSession
Congress, promulgated by OrderNo. 37 of the
Republic of China on April 12,1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)
Chapter II
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rightsand Capacity for Civil
Section 3 Declarations of MissingPersons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses andLeaseholding Farm
Section 5 IndividualPartnership
Section 2 Enterprise as LegalPerson
Section 3 Official Organ,Institution and Social
Chapter IV
Section 1 Property Ownership andRelated Property Rights
Section 3 Intellectual PropertyRights
Section 2 Civil Liability forBreach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability forInfringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing CivilLiability
Chapter VII
Chapter VIII
Chapter IX
This Law is formulated inaccordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country,drawing upon our practical experience in
activities, for the purpose ofprotecting
interests of citizens andlegal
relations,
The Civil Law of the People'sRepublic
relationships and personalrelationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is,between
Parties to a civil activityshall have equal status.
In civil activities, theprinciples
compensation for equal value,honesty and credibility shall be observed.
The lawful civil rights andinterests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; noorganization or individual may infringe upon them.
Civil activities must be incompliance with the law; where there are
relevant provisions in the law,they shall be
Civil activities shall haverespect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, underminestate
The law of the People's Republicof China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic ofChina, except as otherwise stipulated by
The stipulations of this Law asregards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within thePeople's Republic
Section 1 Capacity for CivilRights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
A citizen shall have thecapacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights andassume civil obligations in accordance with
All citizens are equal asregards their capacity for civil rights.
A citizen aged 18 or over shallbe an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, mayindependently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with fullcapacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached theage of 16 but not the age of 18 and
main source of income is his ownlabour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civilconduct.
A minor aged 10 or over shall bea person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civilactivities
intellect; in other civilactivities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with theconsent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be representedin civil
A mentally ill person who isunable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacityfor civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agentad litem.
A mentally ill person who isunable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limitedcapacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriateto his
activities, he shall berepresented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent adlitem.
The guardian of aperson
conduct shall be his agent adlitem.
The domicile of a citizenshall
registered; if his habitualresidence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall beregarded as his domicile.
The parents of a minor shall behis guardians.
If the parents of a minor aredead or
guardian, a person from thefollowing categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as hisguardian:
(1) paternal or maternalgrandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister;or
(3) any other closely connectedrelative or friend
responsibility of guardianshipand having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from theneighbourhood
place of the minor'sresidence.
the units of the minor's parentsor the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residenceshall appoint
minor's near relatives. Ifdisagreement over the appointment leads to
lawsuit, the people's courtshall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed inthe first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian,the units of
neighbourhood or villagecommittee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs departmentshall act as his guardian.
A person from the
mentally ill person without orwith limited capacity for civil conduct:
(5) any other closely connectedrelative or friend
responsibility of guardianshipand having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill personbelongs
committee in the place ofhis residence. In case
guardianship, the unit to whichthe mentally ill
neighbourhood or villagecommittee in the place
appoint a guardian from amonghis near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit,the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed inthe first paragraph of
available to be the guardian,the unit to which the
belongs, the neighbourhoodor village
residence or the civil affairsdepartment shall act as his guardian.
A guardian shall fulfil his dutyof guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rightsand interests of
shall not handle the property ofhis ward
A guardian's rights to fulfilhis guardianship in accordance with the law
If a guardian does not fulfilhis duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests ofhis ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate
such loss. The people's courtmay disqualify
application of a concerned partyor unit.
A person who sharesinterests
people's court for a declarationthat the
without or with limited capacityfor civil conduct.
With the recovery of the healthof a person who has
people's court to be without orwith limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application orthat of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be aperson with limited
Section 3 Declarations ofMissing Persons and Death
If a citizen's whereabouts havebeen unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people'scourt for a declaration of the citizen as
If a person's whereabouts becomeunknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which hiswhereabouts are unknown shall begin on
A missing person's propertyshall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or otherclosely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute overcustody, if the
unavailable or are incapable oftaking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of aperson appointed by
taxes, debts and other unpaidexpenses owed
defrayed by the custodian out ofthe missing person's property.
In the event that a person whohas been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts areascertained,
application or that of aninterested person, revoke the declaration of his
Under either of thefollowing
apply to the people's court fora declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereaboutshave been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereaboutshave been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which hewas involved.
If a person's whereabouts becomeunknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which hiswhereabouts are unknown shall begin on
In the event that a person whohas been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive,the people's
application or that of aninterested person, revoke the declaration of his
Any civil juristic actsperformed by a
conduct during the period inwhich he has
A person shall have the right torequest the return of
the declaration of his death hasbeen revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such propertyin accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original itemsor make appropriate
original items no longerexist.
Section 4 Individual Businessesand Leaseholding Farm Households
"Individual businesses" refersto business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registeredand approved
commercial operation within thesphere permitted
business may adopt a shopname.
"Leaseholding farm households"refers to members
economic organization who engagein commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permittedby law.
The
leaseholding farm householdsshall be protected by law.
The debts of an individualbusiness or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual'sproperty if the business is operated by
an individual and with thefamily's property if the business is operated
Section 5 IndividualPartnership
"Individual partnership" refersto two or more citizens associated in
business
objects, techniques and so onaccording to an agreement.
Partners shall make a writtenagreement covering
provide, the distribution ofprofits, the responsibility for debts,
entering into and withdrawalfrom partnership, the ending of partnership
The propertyprovided
management and use.
shall belong to all thepartners.
An individual partnership mayadopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance withthe law
within the range as approved andregistered.
The operational activities of anindividual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, whoeach shall have the right to carry out
supervise those activities. Thepartners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civilliability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and otherpersonnel.
A partnership's debts shall besecured
proportion
according to the agreementmade.
for their partnership's debts,except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his shareof the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation fromthe other partners.
A legal person shall be anorganization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conductand independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations inaccordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity forcivil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legalperson is established and shall end when
A legal person shall have thefollowing qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordancewith the law;
(2) possession of the necessaryproperty or funds;
(3) possession of its own name,organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independentlybear civil liability.
In accordance with the law orthe articles of
person, the responsible personwho acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions andpowers shall be its legal representative.
A legal person's domicile shallbe the place where its main administrative
When a legal person terminates,it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue allother activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as LegalPerson
An enterprise owned by thewhole
shall be qualified as a legalperson
stipulated by the state; hasarticles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability toindependently bear civil liability; and has
been approved andregistered
foreign equity joint venture,Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterpriseestablished within
China shall be qualifiedas a
qualifications of a legal personand has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency forindustry and commerce in according with the
An enterprise as legal personshall conduct operations within the
An enterprise
operational activities of itslegal representatives and other personnel.
If an enterprise as legal personis divided or
other important change, it shallregister the change with the registration
authority and publicly announceit.
When an enterprise as legalperson is divided or merged, its rights
obligations shall be enjoyed andassumed by
An enterprise as legal personshall terminate for
(3) if it is declared bankruptin accordance with the law; or
When an enterprise
registration with theregistration authority
When an enterprise as legalperson is
liquidation organization and gointo liquidation. When
legal person is dissolved or isdeclared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shallorganize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidationorganization to liquidate the enterprise.
An enterprise owned by the wholepeople, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property thatthe state authorizes
enterprise under collectiveownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the
venture,Chinese-foreign
enterprise as legal person shallbear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulatedotherwise by law.
Under any of the followingcircumstances, an enterprise as legal
shall bear liability, its legalrepresentative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions andfined
crime, criminal responsibilityshall be investigated
(1) conducting illegaloperations beyond the range approved and registered
(2) concealing
(3) secretly withdrawing fundsor hiding property to
(4) disposing of propertywithout authorization after the enterprise
dissolved, disbanded or declaredbankrupt;
(5) failing to applyfor registration
promptly when the
causing interested persons tosuffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activitiesprohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the publicinterest.
Section 3 Official Organ,Institution and Social Organization as Legal
An independently funded officialorgan
person on the day it isestablished.
If according to lawan institution
qualifications of a legal personneeds not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person,it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; ifaccording to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, itshall be qualified as a legal person after
If a new economic entity isformed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage ineconomic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has thequalifications of
entity shall be qualified asa legal
registered by the competentauthority.
If the enterprises or anenterprise and
economic
qualifications of a legalperson, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respectivecontribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bearcivil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If jointliability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume jointliability.
If the
enterprise and an institutionspecifies
operations independently, itshall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shallbear civil liability separately.
A civil juristic act shall bethe lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change orterminate civil rights and obligations.
A civil juristic act shall meetthe following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevantcapacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed isgenuine; and
(3) the act does not violate thelaw or the public interest.
A civil juristic act may be inwritten, oral or other
stipulates that a particularform be adopted, such
A civil juristic act shall belegally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescindhis act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party'sconsent.
Civil acts in the followingcategories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a personwithout capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to lawmay not be independently performed by
person with limited capacity forcivil conduct;
(3) those performed by a personagainst his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion orexploitation of his
(4) those that performed throughmalicious collusion
the interest of the state, acollective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the lawor the public interest;
(6) economic contracts thatviolate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those thatperformed
illegitimate purposes. Civilacts that are null
legally binding from the verybeginning.
A party shall have the right torequest a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind thefollowing civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actorwho seriously misunderstood the contents
(2) those that are obviouslyunfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall benull and void from the very beginning.
If part of a civil act is nulland void, it shall not affect the validity
After a civil act has beendetermined to be null
rescinded, the party whoacquired property as a result of the act
return it to theparty
compensate the other party forthe losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error,they shall each bear their proper share
If the two sides have conspiredmaliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interestsof the state,
party, the property that theythus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or thecollective, or returned to the third party.
A civil juristic act may haveconditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effectwhen the relevant conditions are met.
Citizens and legal persons mayperform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civiljuristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power ofagency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts
performed by the principalhimself, pursuant to legal provisions or
agreement between the twoparties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Agency shall includeentrusted
agency.
entrusted by the principal; astatutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; andan appointed
power of agency as designated bya people's court or the appointing unit.
A civil juristic act may beentrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions requirethe entrustment
effected in writing.
power of attorney shall clearlystate
tasks and the scope and durationof the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by theprincipal.
If the power of attorney is notclear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civilliability towards
agent shall be held jointlyliable.
The principal shall bear civilliability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyondthe scope of his power of agency or after
his
retroactively. If the act is notso recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If aprincipal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but failsto repudiate
An agent shall bear civilliability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to theprincipal.
If an agent and a third party incollusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third partyshall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is awarethat an
overstepping his power ofagency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act andthus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shallbe held jointly liable.
If an agent is aware that thematters
carries them out, or if aprincipal is aware that his agent's
illegal but fails to object tothem, the principal and the agent shall be
If in the principal's interestsan entrusted agent needs to transfer the
agency to another person, heshall first obtain the principal's consent.
If the principal's consent isnot obtained in advance, the matter shall be
reported to him promptly afterthe transfer, and if the principal objects,
the agent shall bear civilliability for the acts of the transferee;
however, an entrusted agencytransferred
order to safeguard theprincipal's interests shall be excepted.
An entrusted agency shall endunder any of the following circumstances:
(1) when the period of agencyexpires or
(2) when the principal rescindsthe entrustment or the agent declines the
(4) when the principal loses hiscapacity for civil conduct; or
(5) when the principal or theagent ceases to be a legal person.
A statutory or appointed agencyshall
(1) when the principal gains orrecovers capacity for civil conduct;
(2) when the principal or theagent dies;
(3) when the agent losescapacity for civil conduct;
(4) when the people's court orthe unit that appointed the agent rescinds
(5) when the guardianrelationship between the principal and
Section 1 Property Ownership andRelated Property Rights
"Property
utilize, profit from and disposeof his property.
Property ownership shall not beobtained in violation of the law.
Unless the law stipulatesotherwise or the parties concerned have agreed
on other arrangements, theownership of property obtained by contract or
by other
State property shall be owned bythe whole people.
State property is sacred andinviolable, and no organization or individual
shall be allowed to seize,encroach
Property of collectiveorganizations of the working masses shall be owned
collectively by the workingmasses. This shall include:
(1) land, forests, mountains,grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches
other areas that are stipulatedby law to be under collective ownership;
(2) property of collectiveeconomic organizations;
(3) collectively ownedbuildings, reservoirs, farm irrigation facilities
and
facilities; and (4) otherproperty that is collectively owned.
Collectively owned
peasants in accordance with thelaw and shall be
village
agricultural economicorganizations or villages' committees. Land already
under the ownership of thetownship (town) peasants' collective economic
organizations may becollectively owned by the peasants of the
(town). Collectively ownedproperty shall be
organization or individual mayseize,
destroy or illegally seal up,distrain, freeze or confiscate it.
A citizen's personal propertyshall include his
housing, savings, articles fordaily use, objects d'art, books, reference
materials, trees, livestock,as well
permits a citizen to possess andother lawful property. A citizen's lawful
property shall be protected bylaw, and no organization or individual may
appropriate, encroach upon,destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freeze
Citizens shall have the right ofinheritance under the law.
The
organizations, shall beprotected by law.
Property may be owned jointly bytwo or more citizens or legal persons.
There shall be two kinds ofjoint ownership, namely co-ownership by shares
and common ownership. Each ofthe co-owners
rights and
proportion to his share. Each ofthe common owners shall enjoy the rights
and assume the obligationsrespecting the joint property. Each
by shares shall have the rightto withdraw his
property or transfer itsownership. However, when he offers to sell
share, the other co-owners shallhave a right of pre-emption if all other
If the owner of a buried orconcealed object is unknown, the object shall
belong to the state. The unitthat receives the object shall commend
give a material reward to theunit or individual that turns in the object.
Lost-and-found objects, flotsamand stray animals
their rightful owners, and anycosts thus incurred shall be reimbursed by
State-owned land may be usedaccording to law by units under ownership by
the whole people; it may also belawfully assigned for use by units under
collectiveownership.
and the usufructuary shall beobligated to manage,
The right of citizens andcollectives to contract for management of
under collective ownership or ofstate-owned
shall be
contracting
Land may not be sold, leased,mortgaged or illegally
State-owned forests,mountains,
water surfaces and other naturalresources may be used according to law by
units under ownership by thewhole people; or they may also be
assigned for use by unitsunder
protect the usufruct of thoseresources, and
obliged to manage, protect andproperly use them.
State-owned mineral resourcesmay be mined according to law by units under
ownership by the whole peopleand units under collective ownership;
citizens may also lawfully minesuch resources. The
The right of
management of forests,mountains, grasslands,
and water surfaces that areowned by collectives or owned by the state but
used by collectives shall beprotected by law. The rights and obligations
of the two contracting partiesshall be
State-owned
mountains, grasslands,unreclaimed land and beaches owned by the state and
those that are lawfully owned bycollectives
mortgaged or illegallytransferred by any other means.
Enterprises under ownership bythe whole people shall lawfully enjoy the
rights of management overproperty that the state has authorized them
manage and operate, and therights shall be protected by law.
In the spirit of helpingproduction, making things convenient for people's
lives,
reasonable,neighbouring
neighbourly
passageway, ventilation andlighting. Anyone
damage to his
obstruction and compensate forthe damage.
A debt
established between the partiesconcerned, either according to the agreed
terms of a contract or legalprovisions. The party entitled to the rights
shall be the creditor, and theparty assuming the obligations shall be the
The creditor shall have theright to demand that
obligations as specified by thecontract or according to legal provisions.
A contract shall be an agreementwhereby the parties establish, change or
terminate their civilrelationship. Lawfully established contracts shall
When there are two or morecreditors to a deal,
entitled to rights in proportionto his proper share of the credit. When
there are two or
obligations in proportion to hisshare of the debt.
When there are two or morecreditors or debtors to a deal, each
joint creditors shall beentitled to demand that the debtor
obligations, in accordance withlegal provisions or the agreement between
the parties; each of the jointdebtors shall be
entire debt, and the debtor whoperforms the entire debt shall be entitled
to ask the other joint debtorsto reimburse him for their shares of
The parties to a contract shallfully fulfil their obligations pursuant to
If a contract contains ambiguousterms regarding quality, time limit for
performance, place ofperformance, or
cannot be determined from thecontext of relevant terms in the contract,
and if the parties cannot reachan agreement
(1) If quality requirements areunclear,
apply; if there are no statequality standards, generally held standards
(2) If the time limit forperformance is unclear, the debtor may at
convenience fulfill hisobligations towards the creditor; the creditor may
also demand at any timethat the
sufficient notice shall be givento the debtor.
(3) If the place of performanceis unclear, and the payment is money, the
performance shall be effected atthe seat or place
party receiving the payment; ifthe payment
performance shall be effected atthe seat or place
party fulfilling theobligations.
(4) If the price agreed by theparties is unclear, the state-fixed price
shall apply. If there is nostate-fixed price, the price shall be based on
market price or the price ofa similar
If the contract does not containan agreed term regarding rights to patent
application, any party who hascompleted an invention-creation shall have
the right to apply for apatent.
If the contract does not containan agreed term regarding rights to patent
application, and technologicalresearch achievements,
all have the right to use suchachievements.
In accordance with legalprovisions the agreement between the parties
the performance of a debt may beguaranteed using the methods below:
(1) A guarantor mayguarantee
perform his debt. If the debtordefaults, the guarantor shall perform the
debt or bear joint liabilityaccording to agreement. After performing the
debt, the guarantor shall havethe right
(2) The debtor or a third partymay offer a specific property as a pledge.
If the debtor defaults, thecreditors shall be entitled to keep the pledge
to offset the debt or havepriority in satisfying his claim out
proceeds
(3) Within the limits ofrelevant legal provisions, a party may leave
deposit with the other party.After the debtor has
the deposit shall either beretained as partial payment of the debt or be
returned. If the party wholeaves the deposit defaults, he shall not
entitled to demand the return ofthe deposit; if the party who accepts the
deposit defaults, he shall repaythe deposit in double.
(4) If a party has possession ofthe other party's property according to
contract and the other partyviolates the contract by failing to
required sum of money within thespecified time limit, the possessor shall
have a lien on the property andmay keep the retained property to offset
the debt or have priority insatisfying his claim out of the proceeds from
the sale of the propertypursuant to relevant legal provisions.
Legitimate loan relationshipsshall be protected by law.
If a party to a contracttransfers all or part of his contractual rights
or obligations to a third party,he shall obtain the other party's consent
and may not seek profitstherefrom. Contracts
provisions are subject tostate
approved by the authority thatoriginally approved
the law or the original contractstipulates otherwise.
If profits are acquiredimproperly and without a lawful basis, resulting
in another person's loss, theillegal profits shall
If a person acts as manageror provides
another person's
obligated to do so, he shall beentitled to claim from the beneficiary the
expenses necessary for suchassistance.
Section 3 Intellectual PropertyRights
Citizens and legal persons shallenjoy rights of authorship (copyrights)
and shall be entitled to signtheir names as authors, issue and
their works and obtainremuneration in accordance with the law.
The patent rights lawfullyobtained by citizens and legal persons shall be
The rights to exclusiveuse of
individual businesses andindividual partnerships shall be protected
Citizens
discovery. A discoverer shallhave the right
certificates of discovery,bonuses or other awards.
Citizens who makeinventions
technological research shallhave the
certificates of honour, bonusesor other awards.
Citizens shall enjoy the rightsof life and health.
Citizens shall enjoy the rightof personal name and shall be entitled to
determine, use or change theirpersonal names in accordance with relevant
provisions. Interference with,usurpation of and false representation
personal names shall beprohibited.
and individual partnershipsshall enjoy the right of name. Enterprises as
legal persons, individualbusinesses
have the right to use andlawfully assign their own names.
Citizens shall enjoy the rightof portrait.
The use of a citizen's portraitfor profit without his
Citizens and legalpersons
personality of citizens shall beprotected by law, and the use of insults,
libel or other means to damagethe reputation of citizens or legal persons
Citizens and legal persons shallenjoy the right of honour. It shall
prohibited tounlawfully
Citizens shall enjoy the rightof marriage by choice. Mercenary marriages,
marriages upon arbitrarydecision by any third party and any other acts of
interference in the freedom ofmarriage shall be prohibited.
Marriage, the family, oldpeople, mothers and children shall be protected
by law. The lawfulrights
Women shall enjoy equal civilrights with men.
Citizens and legal persons whobreach a contract or fail to fulfil other
obligations shall bear civilliability.
Citizens and legal persons whothrough their fault encroach upon state or
collective property or theproperty or person of other people shall bear
civil liability.
of fault, if the law sostipulates.
Civil liability shall not beborne for failure to perform a contract
damage to a third party ifit is
Debts shall
immediately, he may repay byinstalments with the consent of the creditor
or a ruling by a people'scourt.
debt but refuses to do so,repayment shall be compelled by the decision of
If a person suffers damages frompreventing or
state or collective property, orthe property or person of a third party,
the
beneficiary may also giveappropriate compensation.
Citizens or legal persons whobear civil liability shall also be held for
administrative responsibility ifnecessary. If
citizens and legal personsconstitute crimes, criminal responsibility
their legal representativesshall be investigated in accordance with the
Section 2 Civil Liability forBreach of Contract
If a party fails to fulfil itscontractual
term of a contract whilefulfilling the obligations, the other party shall
have the right to demandfulfillment or the taking of remedial
and claim compensation for itslosses.
The party that breaches acontract shall be liable for compensation equal
to the losses consequentlysuffered by the other party.
The parties may specify in acontract
contract it shall pay theother
contract damages; they may alsospecify in
assessing the compensation forany losses
If both parties breach thecontract, each party shall bear its respective
If one party is suffering lossesowing to
contract, it shall
increasing; if it does notpromptly do so, it shall not have the right to
claim compensation for theadditional losses.
A party's right to claimcompensation for losses shall not be affected by
the alteration or termination ofa contract.
If a party fails to fulfil itscontractual obligations on account
higher authority, it shall firstcompensate for the losses of the
party or take other remedialmeasures as contractually agreed and then the
higher
Section 3 Civil Liability forInfringement of Rights
Anyone who encroaches onthe property
another person shall return theproperty; failing that, he shall reimburse
its estimated price.
collective or another personshall restore the property to its
condition or reimburse itsestimated price. If the victim suffers
great losses therefrom, theinfringer shall compensate for those losses as
If the
exclusive use of trademarks,rights of discovery, rights of invention or
rights for scientific andtechnological research achievements of citizens
or legal
alteration or imitation, theyshall have the
infringement be stopped, its illeffects be eliminated and the damages be
Anyone who infringes upona citizen's
injury shall pay his medicalexpenses and his loss in income due to missed
working time and shall pay himliving subsidies if he is disabled; if the
victim dies, the
necessary living expenses ofthe deceased's
If a citizen's right of personalname, portrait, reputation or honour is
infringed upon, he shall havethe right to demand that the infringement be
stopped, his reputation berehabilitated, the ill
and an apology be made; he mayalso demand compensation for losses.
The above paragraph
person's right of name,reputation or honour.
If a state organ or itspersonnel, while executing its duties, encroaches
upon the lawful rights andinterests of a
causes damage, it shall bearcivil liability.
If a substandard product causesproperty
others, the manufacturer orseller shall bear civil liability according to
law. If the transporter orstorekeeper is responsible for the matter, the
manufacturer or seller shallhave the right to demand compensation for its
If any person causes damage toother people by engaging in operations that
are greatly hazardous to thesurroundings, such
high
combustibles, explosives, highlytoxic or radioactive substances or high-
speed means of transport, heshall bear civil liability; however, if
can be proven that the damagewas deliberately caused by the victim,
shall not bear civilliability.
Any person who pollutes theenvironment and causes
violation
prevention of pollution shallbear civil liability in accordance with the
Any constructor who engagesin excavation,
underground facilities in apublic place, on a roadside or in a passageway
without setting up clear signsand adopting safety
causes damage to others shallbear civil liability.
If a building or any otherinstallation or an object placed or hung on
structure collapses, detaches ordrops down and causes damage to others,
its owner or manager shallbear civil
If a domesticated animal causesharm to any person, its keeper or manager
shall bear civil liability. Ifthe harm occurs through the fault of
victim, the keeper or managershall not bear civil liability; if the harm
occurs through the fault of athird party,
A person who causes harm inexercising justifiable defence shall not bear
civil liability. If justifiabledefence exceeds the
and undue harm is caused, anappropriate amount of civil liability shall
If harm occurs through emergencyactions taken to avoid danger, the person
who gave rise to the dangershall bear
arose from natural causes, theperson who took the emergency actions may
either be exempt fromcivil
appropriate extent. If theemergency measures taken are improper or exceed
the limits of necessity andundue harm is caused, the person who took the
emergency action shall bearcivil liability to an appropriate extent.
If two or more persons jointlyinfringe upon another person's rights and
cause him damage, they shallbear joint liability.
If a victim is also at fault forcausing the damage, the civil liability
of the infringe may bereduced.
If none of the parties is atfault in causing damage, they may share civil
liability according to theactual circumstances.
If a person without or withlimited
damage to others, his guardianshall bear civil liability. If the guardian
has
If a person who has property butis without or with limited capacity for
civil conduct causes damage toothers, the expenses of compensation shall
be paid
appropriately compensated for bythe guardian unless
Section 4 Methods of BearingCivil Liability
The main methods of bearingcivil liability shall be:
(1) cessation ofinfringements;
(5) restoration of originalcondition;
(6) repair, reworking orreplacement;
(8) payment of breach ofcontract damages;
(9) elimination of ill effectsand rehabilitation of reputation; and
The above methods of bearingcivil liability may be applied exclusively or
concurrently.
applying the above stipulations,may serve admonitions, order the offender
to sign a pledge of
carrying out illegal activitiesand the illegal income obtained therefrom.
It may also impose fines ordetentions as stipulated by law.
Except as otherwise stipulatedby law, the limitation of action regarding
applications to a people's courtfor protection of civil rights shall be
The limitation ofaction
(1) claims for compensation forbodily injuries;
(2) sales of substandard goodswithout proper notice to that effect;
(3) delays in paying rent orrefusal to pay rent; or
(4) loss of or damage toproperty left in the care of another person.
A limitation of action shallbegin
should know that
people's court shall not protecthis rights if 20 years have passed since
the infringement. Underspecial
extend the limitation ofaction.
If a party chooses to fulfilobligations voluntarily after the limitation
of action has expired, he shallnot be subject to the limitation.
A limitation of action shall besuspended during the last six months
the limitation if the plaintiffcannot exercise his right of claim because
of force majeure or otherobstacles. The limitation shall resume on
day when the grounds for thesuspension are eliminated.
A limitation of action shall bediscontinued if suit is brought or if one
party makes a claim for oragrees to fulfillment
limitation shall be counted fromthe time of the discontinuance.
If the law has otherstipulations concerning limitation of action,
The application of
determined by the provisions inthis chapter.
If any internationaltreaty
Republic of China containsprovisions differing from those in the
laws
international treaty shallapply, unless the provisions are ones on which
the People's Republic of Chinahas announced reservations. International
practice may be applied tomatters
People's Republic ofChina
acceded to by the People'sRepublic of China has any provisions.
If a citizen of thePeople's
country, the law of that countrymay be applicable as regards his capacity
The ownership of immovableproperty shall be bound by the law of the place
The parties to a contractinvolving foreign interests may choose the
applicable
otherwise stipulated bylaw. If
foreign interests have not madea choice, the law of the country to which
the contract is most closelyconnected shall be applied.
The law of the place where aninfringing act is committed shall apply in
handling compensation claims forany damage caused by
parties are citizens of the samecountry or have established domicile in
another country, the law oftheir own country or the country
An act committed outside thePeople's
treated as an infringing act ifunder the law of the People's Republic of
China it is not considered aninfringing act.
The marriage of a citizen of thePeople's Republic of China to a foreigner
shall be bound by the law of theplace where they
divorce shall be bound by thelaw of the place where a court accepts the
Maintenance of a spouse afterdivorce shall be bound by the law
country to which the spouse ismost closely connected.
In the statutory succession ofan estate, movable property shall be bound
by the law of the
property shall be bound by thelaw of the
The application of foreign lawsor international
with the provisions of thischapter shall not violate the public interest
of the People's Republic ofChina.
The people's congresses of thenational
separate adaptive orsupplementary regulations or provisions in accordance
with the principles of this Lawand in light of the characteristics of the
local nationalities.
autonomous regions shall besubmitted in accordance with the law to
Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress for approval or
the record. Those formulatedby the
prefectures or autonomouscounties shall
committee of the people'scongress in the relevant province or autonomous
If an enterprise owned by thewhole people has been established with the
approval of the competentauthority of a province, autonomous region
centrally administeredmunicipality or
already been registered with theadministrative agency
commerce, before this Law comesinto force, it shall automatically qualify
as a legal person without havingto re-register as such.
For
unavoidable and insurmountableobjective conditions.
Time periods referred to in theCivil
Gregorian calendar in years,months, days and hours.
When a time period is prescribedin hours, calculation of the period shall
begin on the prescribed hour.When a time period is
months and years, the day onwhich the period begins shall not be counted
as within the period;calculation shall begin on the next day.
If the last day of a time periodfalls on a Sunday or an official holiday,
the day after the holiday shallbe taken as the last day.
The last day shall end at 24:00hours. If business hours are applicable,
the last day shall end atclosing time.
In this Law, the terms "not lessthan,"
"expires" shall include thegiven figure; the terms "under" and "beyond"